In how many ways may a health research go wrong?

How many ways to craft a cofactor?

S tandard textbooks define enzymatic cofactors as low molecular weight structures that are separate from and can bind reversibly to their cognate protein. As with all established paradigms, change is almost guaranteed, and work over the last decade has forced us to expand our definition of cofactor to include structures that are derived from the protein itself. Early studies of ribonucleotide r...

How Many Solar Neutrino Experiments Are Wrong?

Ten recently-published solar models give Be neutrino uxes that lie within a range of 10% of the average value, a convergence that is independent of uncertainties in the measured laboratory rate of the Be(p; )B reaction. If nothing happens to solar neutrinos after they are created (a la standard electroweak theory) and the operating solar neutrino experiments are correct, then the Be solar neutr...

How Many Ways Can One Draw a Graph?

Using results from extremal graph theory, we determine the asymptotic number of string graphs with n vertices, i.e., graphs that can be obtained as the intersection graph of a system of continuous arcs in the plane. The number becomes much smaller, for any fixed d, if we restrict our attention to systems of arcs, any two of which cross at most d times. As an application, we estimate the number ...

Wrong way , go back ! Negotiating access in industry - based research

In How Many Ways Can You Write Rijndael?

Abstract. In this paper we ask the question what happens if we replace all the constants in Rijndael, including the replacement of the irreducible polynomial, the coefficients of the MixColumn operation, the affine transformation in the S box, etc. We show that such replacements can create new dual ciphers, which are equivalent to the original in all aspects. We present several such dual cipher...